原标题：《解码以太坊智能合约数据》
正如我们在之前的文章中所讨论的，智能合约交易类似于智能合约驱动的web3应用程序中的后端API调用。每个智能合约交易和结果应用程序状态更改的细节都记录在称为交易、调用和日志的数据元素中。交易数据元素表示用户发起的函数调用(更准确地说是EOA)，调用数据元素表示智能合约在交易中发起的其他函数调用，而日志数据元素表示交易执行期间发生的事件。
使用这些数据元素，可以非常精细地描述由于交易而在应用程序和区块链上发生的状态更改。当对一个去中心化的web3应用程序的所有交易、跟踪和日志进行汇总分析时，可以提供用户群及其在产品中的活动的整体和深刻的观点。然而，这样做是有挑战性的，因为许多显著的细节都被记录为十六进制编码字符串。例如，在以太坊网络上使用Uniswap交换一对代币的交易(该特定记录可以在Etherscan上查看):
如果在Etherscan上查看交易，就可能已经注意到，它已经解码了这个原始记录，并提供了很好的上下文来帮助我们理解交易细节。虽然这非常有帮助，但它并不是为了回答那些需要转换和汇总数据的问题，例如，所有Uniswap用户的总交易价值是多少，或者Uniswap用户3个月的留存率是多少。为了回答这些问题，我们需要能够收集所有记录，对其进行解码，并批量处理相关细节。我们将在接下来的文章中详细介绍如何做到这一点。
解码交易
如果我们检查原始数据记录，我们可以看到交易是由EOA发起的0x3c02cebb49f6e8f1fc96158099ffa064bbfee38b，发送到与Uniswapv2路由器关联的智能合约地址0x7a250d5630b4cf539739df2c5dacb4c659f2488d。但是，相关请求详细信息在input字段中被编码为一个长十六进制字符串。
在我们讨论如何从input中提取人类可读的数据之前，先谈谈它的结构将会很有指导意义。前导0x表示该字符串是十六进制的，因此它与实际的信息内容无关。之后，每2个十六进制字符代表一个字节。前四个字节，在本例中是38ed1739，是被调用函数的哈希签名。其余字节是传递给函数的参数的哈希值。这意味着输入字符串的长度可以根据所调用的特定函数和所需的参数而变化。
为了解码这个十六进制字符串，我们需要引用应用程序二进制接口或ABI。这是一个json对象，包含给定智能合约的所有函数和事件接口定义(即名称和类型)。ABI的功能是查找将交易数据中的散列签名与人类可读的接口定义进行匹配。ABI示例如下所示：
Uniswapv2路由器ABI的部分视图
ABI通常可以在像Etherscan这样的区块浏览器上找到，以及合约源代码。这是Uniswapv2路由器合约的ABI链接。
一旦我们有了ABI，我们就可以编写来解码交易:
importtracebackimportsysfromfunctoolsimportlru_cachefromweb3importWeb3fromweb3.autoimportw3fromweb3.contractimportContractfromweb3._utils.eventsimportget_event_datafromweb3._utils.abiimportexclude_indexed_event_inputs,get_abi_input_names,get_indexed_event_inputs,normalize_event_input_typesfromweb3.exceptionsimportMismatchedABI,LogTopicErrorfromweb3.typesimportABIEventfrometh_utilsimportevent_abi_to_log_topic,to_hexfromhexbytesimportHexBytesimportjsonimportredefdecode_tuple(t,target_field):output=dict()foriinrange(len(t)):ifisinstance(t,(bytes,bytearray)):output]=to_hex(t)elifisinstance(t,(tuple)):output]=decode_tuple(t,target_field)else:output]=treturnoutputdefdecode_list_tuple(l,target_field):output=lforiinrange(len(l)):output=decode_tuple(l,target_field)returnoutputdefdecode_list(l):output=lforiinrange(len(l)):ifisinstance(l,(bytes,bytearray)):output=to_hex(l)else:output=lreturnoutputdefconvert_to_hex(arg,target_schema):"""utilityfunctiontoconvertbytecodesintohumanreadableandjsonserializabledatastructures"""output=dict()forkinarg:ifisinstance(arg,(bytes,bytearray)):output=to_hex(arg)elifisinstance(arg,(list))andlen(arg)>0:target===k]iftarget=='tuple':target_field=targetoutput=decode_list_tuple(arg,target_field)else:output=decode_list(arg)elifisinstance(arg,(tuple)):target_field=foraintarget_schemaif'name'inaanda==k]output=decode_tuple(arg,target_field)else:output=argreturnoutput,{"inputs":,"name":"WETH","outputs":,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"addLiquidity","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"addLiquidityETH","outputs":,"stateMutability":"payable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"factory","outputs":,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"getAmountIn","outputs":,"stateMutability":"pure","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"getAmountOut","outputs":,"stateMutability":"pure","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"}],"name":"getAmountsIn","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"}],"name":"getAmountsOut","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"quote","outputs":,"stateMutability":"pure","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"removeLiquidity","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"removeLiquidityETH","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"removeLiquidityETHSupportingFeeOnTransferTokens","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"removeLiquidityETHWithPermit","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"removeLiquidityETHWithPermitSupportingFeeOnTransferTokens","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":,"name":"removeLiquidityWithPermit","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapETHForExactTokens","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"payable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapExactETHForTokens","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"payable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapExactETHForTokensSupportingFeeOnTransferTokens","outputs":,"stateMutability":"payable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapExactTokensForETH","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapExactTokensForETHSupportingFeeOnTransferTokens","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapExactTokensForTokens","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapExactTokensForTokensSupportingFeeOnTransferTokens","outputs":,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapTokensForExactETH","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":","name":"path","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"deadline","type":"uint256"}],"name":"swapTokensForExactTokens","outputs":","name":"amounts","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"stateMutability":"payable","type":"receive"}]'output=decode_tx('0x7a250d5630b4cf539739df2c5dacb4c659f2488d','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',sample_abi)print('functioncalled:',output)print('arguments:',json.dumps(json.loads(output),indent=2))
PeckShield征求建议以确定如何发出黑客攻击警报，大多数用户支持其标记受影响的协议和交易:8月10日消息，PeckShield称其检测到黑客攻击时发布警报可能会引起人们对黑客的关注并暴露受影响的协议，因此可能会引起争议，发布投票向社区征求建议，以确定检测到黑客攻击时应如何发出警报。当前投票已结束，66.8%的用户选择“标记受影响的协议+tx”、18.4%的用户选择“Alert TG seal 911 bot”、9.9%的用户选择“公开黑客+tx”、4.9%的用户选择“仅Xeet匿名黑客”。[2023/8/10 16:18:10]
在示例代码中有几点需要注意：
此代码设计用于批量处理大量交易。它假设数据已经存在于本地存储中(而不是从区块链实时获取)，并且非常适合像PySpark这样的分布式处理框架。
这样我们就更容易理解了。
该调用是对名为swapexacttokensfortokens的方法的调用，用户正在放入25亿单位的起始代币，并期望至少返回194,024,196,127,819,599,854,524,737单位的目标代币。这些数字看起来可能是天文数字，但请记住，代币单位通常用1/10^n表示，其中n大约是18。N有时被称为代币的十进制值。该path数组描述了在此交易中交换的代币。每个数组元素都是代币合约的地址。第一个是USDC(一种与美元挂钩的稳定币)，第二个是WrappedEth(带有ERC20接口的以太坊)，第三个是DXO(一种深空游戏货币)。将1和2放在一起，我们可以推断用户请求交换2,500USDC(USDC的十进制值为6)和大约1.94亿DXO(DXO的十进制值为18)。由于这种特殊的成对交换不能直接获得，交易将通过WETH的中间代币进行调解。解码日志
该交易在执行过程中还触发了7个事件，可以通过logs在以太坊上查询Google的PublicDataset中的表获得，也可以通过Etherscan查看。与用户所要求的交换相对应的两个最显著的记录是:
log_index:47transaction_hash:0x87a3bc85da972583e22da329aa109ea0db57c54a2eee359b2ed12597f5cb1a64transaction_index:37?address:0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dcdata:0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f90000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000093f8f932b016b1ctopics:?block_timestamp:2021-10-1900:00:18block_number:13444845block_hash:0xe9ea4fc0ef9a13b1e403e68e3ff94bc94e472132528fe8f07ade422b84a43afc
还有
log_index:50transaction_hash:0x87a3bc85da972583e22da329aa109ea0db57c54a2eee359b2ed12597f5cb1a64transaction_index:37?address:0x242301fa62f0de9e3842a5fb4c0cdca67e3a2fabdata:0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000093f8f932b016b1c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a137bb41b9113069a51e190000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000topics:?block_timestamp:2021-10-1900:00:18block_number:13444845block_hash:0xe9ea4fc0ef9a13b1e403e68e3ff94bc94e472132528fe8f07ade422b84a43afc
SWIFT探索如何支持代币化资产市场发展中的互操作性:金色财经报道，银行合作机构SWIFT将与 Clearstream、Northern Trust、SETL 和其他市场参与者合作，探索如何支持代币化资产市场发展中的互操作性。相对于加密货币和稳定币，目前代币化资产的市值很小，但预计到 2027 年，交易量可能会达到约 24 万亿美元。银行和证券公司正竞相通过开发数字资产服务能力来进入这个新兴市场，例如私钥保管和对数字证券全生命周期的支持。Swift 正在探索如何在代币化资产的交易生命周期中提高参与者和系统之间的互操作性。
Swift 首席创新官 Thomas Zschach 表示，这些实验将使用既定的支付形式和中央银行数字货币 (CBDC)。“作为一个中立的合作机构，覆盖 200 多个国家/地区的 11,000 家机构，并受到全球中央银行的监督，Swift 处于独特的位置，可以密切参与证券的未来”。（finextra）[2021/12/23 7:59:31]
同样，相关详细信息在topics和data字段中编码为十六进制字符串。与transaction的情况一样，input浏览这些数据字段的结构是有益的。topics是一个数组，其中第一个元素表示事件接口定义的哈希签名。topics数组中的任何其他元素通常是事件中涉及的区块链地址，根据具体上下文可能存在，也可能不存在。data表示事件参数值，其长度根据事件定义而不同。与交易的情况一样，我们需要引用合约ABI，以便将其转换为人类可读的形式。
敏锐的读者会注意到上面日志中的合约地址0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dc和0x242301fa62f0de9e3842a5fb4c0cdca67e3a2fab与用户EOA最初调用的Routerv2合约0x7a250d5630b4cf539739df2c5dacb4c659f2488d不同。这两个地址对应USDC-WETH和DXO-WETH代币对的Uniswapv2对合约。这些合约负责持有各自交易对的流动性，并实际进行交换。用户最初与之交互的Router合约作为一个协调器，并向适当的配对合约发起内部交易(跟踪)。因此，为了解码这些事件，我们还需要一对合约ABI。解码日志示例如下:
fromweb3._utils.eventsimportget_event_datareturntopic2abievent_abi=topic2abi]evt_name=event_abidata=get_event_data(w3.codec,event_abi,log)target_schema=event_abidecoded_data=convert_to_hex(data,target_schema)return(evt_name,json.dumps(decoded_data),json.dumps(target_schema))exceptException:return('decodeerror',traceback.format_exc(),None)else:return('nomatchingabi',None,None)pair_abi=',"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"constructor"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":,"name":"Approval","type":"event"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":,"name":"Burn","type":"event"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":,"name":"Mint","type":"event"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":,"name":"Swap","type":"event"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":,"name":"Sync","type":"event"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":,"name":"Transfer","type":"event"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"DOMAIN_SEPARATOR","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"MINIMUM_LIQUIDITY","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"PERMIT_TYPEHASH","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"allowance","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"approve","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"balanceOf","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"burn","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"decimals","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"factory","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"getReserves","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"initialize","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"kLast","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"mint","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"name","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"nonces","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"permit","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"price0CumulativeLast","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"price1CumulativeLast","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"skim","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"swap","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"symbol","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"sync","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"token0","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"token1","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":,"name":"totalSupply","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"transfer","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":,"name":"transferFrom","outputs":,"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"}]'output=decode_log('0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f90000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000093f8f932b016b1c',,pair_abi)print('eventemitted:',output)print('arguments:',json.dumps(json.loads(output),indent=2))
波卡社区正在讨论如何限制验证者大幅更改佣金:刚刚，Web3基金会技术教育主管Bill Laboon发推提醒用户小心局。Web3基金会、Polkadot官方以及Parity都没有赠送DOT和KSM代币。与此同时，Bill Laboon还公布波卡项目进展。内容显示：1.目前验证者可以随意更改佣金比例。目前社区正在讨论如何限制佣金变动以避免佣金大幅变动，例如在获得足够多的提名者后，将佣金由0%改为100%。2.财政部已经开始讨论Elara 0.2提案。Elara 0.2是Patract Labs是为以Substrate为基础的链提供的基础设施。[2020/10/29]
与交易解码的代码类似，示例代码针对批量解码用例进行了优化，并与类似PySpark的东西一起使用，以处理大量日志事件。运行以上收益率:
eventemitted:Swaparguments:{"sender":"0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D","to":"0x242301FA62f0De9e3842A5Fb4c0CdCa67e3A2Fab","amount0In":2500000000,"amount1In":0,"amount0Out":0,"amount1Out":666409132118600476}
还有
eventemitted:Swaparguments:{"sender":"0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D","to":"0x3c02cebB49F6e8f1FC96158099fFA064bBfeE38B","amount0In":0,"amount1In":666409132118600476,"amount0Out":194900241391490294085918233,"amount1Out":0}
我们可以认为这两个确实swap是path在初始请求之后发生的事件——USDC>WETH>DXO。我们可以看到路由器合约(以488D结尾)是两个事件中的发送方，充当协调者。USDC-WETH对合约(以c9dc结尾)将25亿单位USDC换成666,409,132,118,600,476单位WETH，然后将产生的WETH转移到DXO-WETH对合约(结束2Fab)。DXO-WETH合约将666,409,132,118,600,476单位的WETH置换为194,900,241,391,490,294,085,918,233单位的DXO，并按照最初的要求将其发送回用户(EOA结束于E38B)。
结束语
正如本例所示，一旦我们有了工具，解码的过程就相对简单了，但知道要解码什么以及如何解释结果数据就不是那么简单了。根据我们尝试回答的具体问题，某些功能和事件比其他功能和事件更相关。为了分析web3应用程序中的经济活动和用户行为，了解特定智能合约的工作方式并确定感兴趣的指标中涉及的关键功能和事件非常重要。这最好是通过实际使用该产品、在像Etherscan这样的区块浏览器上检查数据消耗以及阅读智能合约源代码的组合来实现。这是制定正确的解码和分析策略的关键条件。
Source：https://towardsdatascience.com/decoding-ethereum-smart-contract-data-eed513a65f76
动态 | 美国大学不知如何处理所得数字货币捐款:据Cryptoticker消息，美国大学处于数字资产捐赠的接收端，每年以比特币和其他数字资产形式接受捐赠的美国大学名单继续增长。然而，似乎并非所有大学都非常热衷于接受不熟悉的资产作为捐赠，许多大学都不清楚如何处理他们所获得的数字货币资金。[2018/10/18]
雕爷：区块链将如何改变世界:在币圈近期比较火的陈伟星和朱啸虎的口水战中，雕爷被一些人当成了“导火索”。雕爷对此作出了回应，他对于区块链的态度十分中立，同时他也承认，自己在2014年就拥有比特币。雕爷在自己的公众号中阐明了自己的看法：区块链可以传递原本无法分割的价值，区块链创造价值必须依附于已经能够真实创造价值且可以被验证的商业场景。雕爷还称，现在有大量资金涌入区块链行业，一年后则会留下一些认真办事的人。所以现在是投身区块链行业的好时机，一年后也是。[2018/2/25]
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